Key takeaways
When the Affordable Care Act was written, it called for Medicaid expansion in every state. The idea was that all adults with household income up to 138% of the poverty level would be covered by Medicaid starting in 2014, as long as they met the immigration criteria for Medicaid. (In most states, that means five years of being lawfully present in the United States.)
But in 2012, the Supreme Court ruled that states could not be forced to expand Medicaid, and as of early 2024, there are still 10 states that have not implemented full Medicaid expansion under the ACA.
Unfortunately, the ACA also prohibits premium subsidies for applicants with income under 100% of the poverty level (unless they’re lawfully present residents who have not been in the U.S. long enough to qualify for Medicaid.
People with income below the poverty level were supposed to be eligible for Medicaid, so the ACA did not include a provision for them to get premium subsidies.
The coverage gap
After the Supreme Court ruled in 2012, it became apparent that numerous states would not expand their Medicaid programs, and that millions of people would be stuck in a health insurance desert – unable to qualify for Medicaid, and also unable to qualify for premium subsidies. But the political environment was too contentious for any sort of legislative fix, and that has continued to be the case in the ensuing years.
As a result, there are about 1.9 million people in the coverage gap in nine of the states that have not expanded Medicaid.
(Wisconsin has not expanded Medicaid under the ACA, but there is no coverage gap in Wisconsin as the state does provide Medicaid for residents with income up to the poverty level. The coverage gap in Georgia was slightly mitigated when the state implemented a partial Medicaid expansion in 2023, but Georgia also implemented a work requirement that significantly limited the number of people who became eligible for Medicaid under the new rules.1)
The special enrollment period
In 2015, HHS added a special enrollment period (see page 171 of the Benefit and Payment Parameters) for people in the coverage gap who experience an increase in income that makes them eligible for premium subsidies. The new rules are codified in 45 CFR 155.420(d)(6)(iv).
The SEP applies to an individual who:
- Lives in a state that hasn’t expanded Medicaid.
- Was previously ineligible for premium subsidies solely due to having an income below the poverty level.
- Was also ineligible for Medicaid because the state has not expanded coverage
- Experiences an increase in household income to an amount at or above 100% of the poverty level, and thus eligible for premium subsidies. This could occur due to a simple increase in income, or due to a marriage between two people who both had income just below the poverty level, but whose combined income is above the poverty level for two people.
The individual/couple then has a 60-day window to enroll in a health plan through the exchange, with premium subsidies.
In states that haven’t expanded Medicaid, people in the coverage gap are allowed to purchase coverage – on or off-exchange – if they pay full price for the premiums. This is a very rare situation, as most people with income below the poverty level cannot afford to pay for unsubsidized health insurance. But if they do, they are still eligible to switch to a plan with subsidies if their income increases to at least 100% of the poverty level. The fact that they have obtained alternate health insurance does not eliminate their SEP.
The SEP applies to people in the coverage gap in the following states:
- Alabama
- Florida
- Georgia (for people who cannot meet the work requirement rules)
- Kansas
- Mississippi
- South Carolina
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Wyoming.
Prior to 2020, this SEP was an exception to the rule
It’s important to note that before 2020, a change in income was not otherwise a qualifying event for anyone who wasn’t already enrolled in a plan through the exchange.
- Low-income residents in states that have expanded Medicaid are not eligible for an income-related SEP in the exchange unless they were already enrolled in Medicaid and then became ineligible for Medicaid due to an increase in income. (The qualifying event, in that case, is loss of coverage, since they’re losing access to Medicaid; note that during the COVID pandemic, states did not terminate Medicaid coverage unless an enrollee requested the termination or moved out of state, but regular eligibility redeterminations and disenrollments resumed in April 2023.)
- From 2014 through 2019, people enrolled in plans outside the exchange were not eligible to switch to an exchange plan when they experienced a change in income that made them eligible for subsidies. For example, a person enrolled in an off-exchange plan with an income too high for subsidies could not switch to an exchange plan to obtain subsidies if she lost her job and experienced an income decrease mid-year. (Loss of a job is not a qualifying event; neither was a change in income — through 2019 — unless you were already enrolled in a plan through the exchange.) But HHS created a new SEP for people in this situation (it is optional for state-run exchanges). People utilizing this SEP have to prove that they had minimum essential coverage (outside the exchange) before the income change that makes them subsidy-eligible. But there is no prior coverage requirement for the SEP that applies to people in the coverage gap whose income increases to a subsidy-eligible level, since obtaining coverage while in the coverage gap is financially unrealistic.
(If you’re uncertain about your eligibility for a special enrollment period, call (866) 553-3223 to discuss your situation with a licensed insurance professional.)
Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has written dozens of opinions and educational pieces about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org.
Footnotes
- Medicaid Advocates Remind Policymakers About Work Req Perils. Inside Health Policy. September 2023. ⤶