Medicare in Washington

Most Americans become eligible for Medicare when they turn 65. But Medicare eligibility is also triggered for younger people if they’re disabled and have been receiving disability benefits for 24 months, or have ALS or end-stage renal disease. Nationwide, about 12% of Medicare beneficiaries are under the age of 65. In Washington, about 10% of Medicare beneficiaries are eligible due to disability rather than age, and are under the age of 65.

Medicare’s annual election period (October 15 to December 7 each year) allows Medicare beneficiaries the chance to switch between Medicare Advantage and Original Medicare (and add, drop, or change to a different Medicare Part D prescription plan). In addition, the Medicare Advantage open enrollment period, which runs from January 1 to March 31, gives people who already have Medicare Advantage plans an opportunity to switch to a different Advantage plan or to Original Medicare.

Medicare Advantage in Washington

Private Medicare Advantage plans are an alternative to Original Medicare, and are available in most areas of the United States, including all counties in Washington in 2023 (that was not the case in 2022, when Advantage plans were only available in 32 of the state’s 39 counties). In 2023, Medicare Advantage plan availability ranges from just three plans in Klickitat County, to 69 options in Snohomish County.

As of March 2023, 667,662 enrollees were in Washington Medicare Advantage plans, which amounted to about 45% of the state’s Medicare population. Nationwide, Medicare Advantage enrollment has been steadily increasing for nearly two decades, and that’s true in Washington as well.

Original Medicare coverage is provided directly by the federal government, and enrollees have access to a nationwide network of providers. But people with Original Medicare need supplemental coverage (from an employer-sponsored plan, Medicaid, or privately purchased plans) for prescription drug coverage and to reduce and cap their exposure to out-of-pocket costs (deductibles and coinsurance), which are not capped under Original Medicare).

Medicare Advantage includes all of the benefits of Original Medicare, and the plans usually also have additional benefits and programs, such as integrated Part D prescription drug coverage, dental and vision coverage, and extras like nurse hotlines and gym memberships. But Medicare Advantage insurers establish their own provider networks and service areas, which are generally localized and more limited than the nationwide network for Original Medicare.

Out-of-pocket costs for Medicare Advantage are often higher than they would be if a beneficiary had Original Medicare plus a Medigap plan. There are pros and cons to either alternative, and no single solution that works for everyone.

Between late 2019 and early 2022, UnitedHealth Group saw a 33.4% increase in Medicare Advantage enrollment in Washington. With 210,064 Washington residents enrolled in its MA plans in February 2022, the carrier had the highest market share – 35% – out of a field of 16 carriers selling MA plans.

Medigap in Washington

Original Medicare does not limit out-of-pocket costs (ie, the deductibles and coinsurance that Medicare beneficiaries have to pay for hospital and outpatient care), so most enrollees maintain some form of supplemental coverage.

More than half of Original Medicare beneficiaries get their supplemental coverage through an employer-sponsored plan or Medicaid. But for those who don’t, Medigap plans (also known as Medicare supplement plans) will pay some or all of the out-of-pocket costs they would otherwise have to pay if they had only Original Medicare (Medigap plans cannot be used with Medicare Advantage coverage). A

According to an AHIP analysis, there were 312,946 Washington residents with Medigap coverage as of 2021.

There are 21 insurers that offer Medigap plans in Washington as of 2023, although some of them have a service area that does not include the whole state. Medigap plans are sold by private insurance companies, but the plans are standardized under federal rules. There are ten different plan designs (differentiated by letters, A through N), and the benefits offered by a particular plan (Plan A, Plan F, etc.) are the same regardless of which insurer sells the plan. Pricing, however, varies from one insurer to another.

But Washington is one of eight states where Medigap insurers are required to use community rating for enrollees age 65 and older (see Washington statute RCW 48.66.045).

In addition to community-rating requirements, Washington state law also gives Medigap enrollees the option to switch to a different Medigap plan at any time, guaranteed-issue. Federal rules only grant a one-time six-month open enrollment period for Medigap, beginning when the enrollee first files for Medicare benefits; after that, unless a person experiences one of the limited circumstances that trigger a guaranteed-issue right, Medigap plans can be medically underwritten, unless states impose other rules.

But Washington is one of just a handful of states where state law prevents Medigap insurers from using medical underwriting if a person with Medigap wants to switch to a different policy after their initial enrollment window has ended. State law in Washington allows a person with Medigap Plan A to switch to any other Medigap Plan A. And a person with Medigap Plan B through N can switch to any other Plan B through N. This opportunity to switch plans on a guaranteed-issue basis applies year-round, as long as the person has been covered under a Medigap plan for at least 90 days.

Washington has also enacted legislation to limit pre-existing condition waiting periods for Medigap enrollees. Although the Affordable Care Act eliminated pre-existing condition exclusions in most of the private health insurance market, those rules don’t apply to Medigap plans. Medigap insurers can impose a pre-existing condition waiting period if you didn’t have continuous coverage prior to your enrollment. Federal rules allow Medigap insurers to impose pre-existing condition waiting periods of up to six months, but Washington law limits it to three months instead.

People who aren’t yet 65 can enroll in Medicare if they’re disabled and have been receiving disability benefits for at least two years (people with ALS or end-stage renal disease do not have to wait 24 months for Medicare eligibility), and about 10% of Washington Medicare beneficiaries are under age 65. But federal rules do not guarantee access to Medigap plans for people who are under 65.

The majority of the states have implemented rules to ensure that disabled Medicare beneficiaries have at least some access to Medigap plans. But although Washington has gone beyond federal regulations in terms of rating requirements and allowing Medigap enrollees to switch plans on a guaranteed-issue basis, the state does not require Medigap insurers to offer coverage to people under the age of 65 who are enrolled in Medicare due to a disability.

Only two of Washington’s Medigap insurers offer plans to people under the age of 65: United American (this is common for this insurer in other states as well; United American is often one of the only insurers that offer plans to people under 65 when a state doesn’t require insurers to do so), and the Washington State Health Care Authority plan.

For people under 65, United American offers only a Medigap Plan B. The premium in 2023 was $459/month, versus the $244/month that United American charges for Plan B if the enrollee is 65 or older. The Washington State Health Care Authority plan is administered by Premera Blue Cross, and Plan G is available to enrollees under age 65. For retired state employees, the rates are lower, but the plan is available for any Washington resident under age 65 who is eligible for Medicare due to disability. In 2023, the price was $318 for a person under 65 who isn’t a retired state employee, versus $187/month if the person is 65.

Disabled Medicare beneficiaries can choose instead to enroll in a Medicare Advantage plan. Medicare Advantage plans are otherwise available to anyone who is eligible for Medicare, and the premiums are not higher for those under 65. But as noted above, Advantage plans have more limited provider networks than Original Medicare, and total out-of-pocket costs can be as high as $8,300 per year for in-network care, plus the out-of-pocket cost of prescription drugs.

But Washington has also maintained their pre-ACA high-risk pool (WSHIP, the Washington State Health Insurance Pool), and it serves as an option for disabled Medicare beneficiaries (WSHIP’s non-Medicare plans have been closed to new enrollees since 2014, as the ACA eliminated the need for a high-risk pool in the non-Medicare market). WSHIP’s Medical Supplement Plan is available to people who are unable to obtain Medigap plans due to medical underwriting, and who live in an area where they don’t have “a reasonable choice of Medicare Advantage plans,” or who have end-stage renal disease (since Medicare Advantage plans can decline applicants with ESRD; this will no longer be the case as of 2021, however).

As noted above, there were seven counties in Washington where there were no Medicare Advantage plans available in 2022 (all counties have plans available in 2023). Washington’s approach is that people who are unable to qualify for a Medigap plan can rely on Medicare Advantage if it’s available, but if it’s not, WSHIP is an option that allows Medicare beneficiaries to have supplemental coverage on a guaranteed-issue basis. As of 2023, WSHIP Medicare supplemental coverage is not available to residents of Clark, Cowlitz, Island, King, Kitsap, Lewis, Pierce, Skagit, Snohomish, Spokane, Thurston, Walla Walla, Whatcom, and Yakima counties, because those counties are considered to have a reasonable choice of Medicare Advantage plans.

WSHIP’s Medicare supplement plan is $398/month in 2023 for beneficiaries under 65, and $317 for those age 65+ (a person who missed their initial enrollment period for Medigap and tried to enroll at a later time, without a guaranteed-issue right, could be declined by the insurer; WSHIP then becomes an option).

Several other states — Alaska, Iowa, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Wyoming — have also maintained their high-risk pools and use them to provide supplemental coverage to Medicare beneficiaries who are unable to obtain private Medigap coverage.

Disabled Medicare beneficiaries have access to the normal Medigap open enrollment period when they turn 65. At that point, they can select from among any of the available Medigap plans, at the standard community-rated premiums that apply to people who are 65 or older.

Medicare Part D in Washington

Original Medicare does not provide coverage for outpatient prescription drugs. More than half of Original Medicare beneficiaries have supplemental coverage via an employer-sponsored plan (from a current or former employer or spouse’s employer) or Medicaid, and these plans often include prescription coverage.

But Medicare beneficiaries who do not have prescription drug coverage through Medicaid or an employer-sponsored plan need to obtain Medicare Part D in order to have coverage for prescriptions. Part D can be purchased as a stand-alone plan, or as part of a Medicare Advantage plan with integrated Part D prescription drug coverage.

There were 24 stand-alone Part D plans for sale in Washington in 2020, with monthly premiums that ranged from about $2 to $113 per month.

As of March 2023, there were 441,637 Washington Medicare beneficiaries who had stand-alone Part D prescription drug plans. Another 608,567 had Part D prescription coverage integrated with their Washington Medicare Advantage plans. The number of people with stand-alone Medicare Part D plans has declined recently in Washington — despite the fact that total Medicare Part D enrollment has continued to increase in the state — because Medicare Advantage enrollment has increased so sharply. Most Medicare Advantage plans include integrated Part D coverage, and their growing popularity has resulted in fewer people buying stand-alone Medicare Part D plans.

Medicare Part D enrollment is available during the annual election period each fall, from October 15 to December 7. Plans selected during this window take effect January 1 of the coming year. If you change your mind more than once during the open enrollment period, the last Part D plan you select will be the one that takes effect.

Medicare in Washington: Resources and assistance for Medicare beneficiaries and their caregivers

Need help with your Medicare enrollment in Washington, or have questions about Medicare eligibility in Washington? You can also contact SHIBA, the Washington Statewide Health Insurance Benefits Advisors, with questions related to Medicare coverage in Washington.

The Medicare Rights Center offers a comprehensive national website and a helpful call center that can provide a variety of assistance with Medicare-related questions.

The Washington Office of the Insurance Commissioner regulates Medigap plans and also licenses and regulates the brokers and agents who help residents in the state secure various forms of private Medicare coverage (Part D, Medicare Advantage, and Medigap plans). The Washington Office of the Insurance Commissioner maintains an extensive collection of resources for Medicare beneficiaries in the state, as well as a page about how consumers can identify and report Medicare fraud and abuse.

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Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has written dozens of opinions and educational pieces about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org. Her state health exchange updates are regularly cited by media who cover health reform and by other health insurance experts.