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Medicaid eligibility and enrollment in Montana

Who is eligible for Medicaid in Montana?

In addition to elderly and disabled residents with low incomes and low asset levels, Medicaid is available to the following populations in Montana:

  • Pregnant women with household incomes up to 162% of the federal poverty level (FPL). Lawmakers are considering a rule change to allow coverage for the mother to continue for 12 months after the birth, instead of ending after 60 days; most other states have already made this change.
  • Adults under age 65 with household income up to 138% of FPL (note that Montana no longer uses a 12-month continuous eligibility system for adults, which means that when the state becomes aware of a change in a person’s circumstances that makes them ineligible for Medicaid, their coverage will end even if it’s been less than a year since their last renewal. This is discussed in more detail near the bottom of this page.)
  • Children are eligible for Medicaid if their household incomes are up to 148% of FPL. Above that level, they are eligible for CHIP if their household incomes do not exceed 266% of FPL
  • Cancer screening services are available to residents with household incomes up to 200% of FPL

Federal poverty level calculator

Apply for Medicaid in Montana

Online at HealthCare.gov or at apply.mt.gov, or by phone at 1-800-318-2596.

Eligibility: Children are eligible for Medicaid with household income up to 143% of the federal poverty level (FPL), and CHIP with household income up to 261% of FPL. Pregnant women are eligible for Medicaid with household income up to 157% of FPL. Other adults are eligible for Medicaid with household income up to 138% of FPL (enrollment commenced November 2, 2015, for coverage effective January 1, 2016).

Has Montana expanded Medicaid?

Yes, Montana’s Medicaid expansion took effect in January 2016, after CMS approved Montana’s Medicaid expansion waiver in late 2015. Under the expanded guidelines, Medicaid is available for all adults with incomes up to 138% of poverty; in 2023, that’s $20,120 for a single adult. (Medicaid and CHIP eligibility limits for children and pregnant women are higher, and remained unchanged by the waiver approval.)

Montana’s Medicaid expansion waiver (which included premiums for enrollees with income above 50% of the poverty level, although those were required to terminate at the end of 2022) came about as a result of Montana’s 2015 Senate Bill 405.

You can see more details below, but Medicaid expansion in Montana was initially approved through June 2019. Montana voters rejected an initiative in 2018 that would have permanently expanded Medicaid in the state and imposed a tobacco tax to fund the state’s portion of the cost. But in 2019, Montana enacted legislation that extended Medicaid expansion in the state for another six years, albeit with a work requirement. The state submitted the work requirement proposal to CMS in August 2019, but it was still pending when President Biden took office, and has not been approved.

  • 249,849 – Number of Montanans covered by Medicaid/CHIP as of October 20231
  • 105,077 – Increase in the number of Montanans covered by Medicaid/CHIP from fall 2013 to October 20232
  • 120,707 – Number of MT residents disenrolled from Medicaid as of November 20233
  • 68% – Increase in total Medicaid/CHIP enrollment in Montana since late 20132

Montana has accepted federal Medicaid expansion. 249,849 - Number of Montanans covered by Medicaid/CHIP as of October 2023. 105,077 - Increase in the number of Montanans covered by Medicaid/CHIP from fall 2013 to October 2023. 120,707 - Number of MT residents disenrolled from Medicaid as of November 2023. 68% - Increase in total Medicaid/CHIP enrollment in Montana since late 2013.

 


Explore our other comprehensive guides to coverage in Montana

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Frequently asked questions about Montana Medicaid

Frequently asked questions about Montana Medicaid

How can I enroll in Montana Medicaid?

If you are under 65 and don’t have Medicare:

  • You can apply at HealthCare.gov at any time – Medicaid enrollment is available year-round.
  • You can also apply online at apply.mt.gov anytime during the year.
  • You can also apply over the phone with HealthCare.gov by calling 1-800-318-2596.
  • You can apply in-person at any of Montana’s Offices of Public Assistance.

If you’re 65 or older or have Medicare, visit this website to apply for Medicaid benefits.

How does Medicaid provide financial assistance to Medicare beneficiaries in Montana?

Many Medicare beneficiaries receive Medicaid financial assistance that can help them with Medicare premiums, lower prescription drug costs, and pays for expenses not covered by Medicare – including long-term care.

Our guide to financial assistance for Medicare enrollees in Montana includes overviews of these programs, including Medicaid nursing home benefits, Extra Help, and eligibility guidelines for assistance.

How is Montana handling post-pandemic Medicaid renewals?

From March 2020 through March 2023, states could not disenroll anyone from Medicaid, even if they no longer met the eligibility rules. But that changed as of April 2023, and states are required to redetermine Medicaid eligibility for everyone enrolled in the program, over the course of a year-long “unwinding” period.

States had the option to begin the unwinding period in February, March, or April 2023 (with disenrollments no earlier than April 1), and Montana opted for April. The first round of disenrollments in Montana will come at the end of May, meaning that some people will need to have new coverage in place as of June 1 in order to avoid a gap in coverage. It’s essential for Montana Medicaid enrollees to make sure that the Montana Office of Public Assistance (OPA) has their correct contact information in on file, so that they’ll receive their renewal notification when it’s their turn to renew.

States have up to 12 months to initiate renewals and 14 months to complete them, but Montana has opted to process all of its renewals within 10 months, wrapping up the process sooner than required by the federal government. And in some months early in the unwinding period, Montana plans to process 15% of their renewals per month, exceeding the federal government’s recommendation that states not process more than one-ninth of their renewals in any given month. This accelerated timeframe has raised concerns with consumer advocates in Montana, especially since the state already lags behind most others in terms of how fast Medicaid applications are processed.

Montana is prioritizing eligibility redeterminations for people who are likely to be ineligible, including those whose income has increased and people who have aged out of Medicaid eligibility (for example, turned 19, or 65). People who are eligible for Aged/Blind/Disabled (ABD) Medicaid will have their eligibility redeterminations conducted later in the unwinding period, while those who are eligible based just on income (adults under 65, pregnant women, and children) will have their eligibility determinations done earlier.

People who lose Medicaid will be able to transition to other coverage, either from an employer, Medicare, or a plan obtained in the marketplace/exchange (HealthCare.gov). For all of these types of coverage, there’s a special enrollment period triggered by loss of other coverage. But in order to avoid a gap in coverage, it’s important to submit the application for the new coverage before the date that Medicaid ends.

How many people are enrolled in Montana Medicaid?

Total Medicaid/CHIP enrollment in Montana stood at about 322,000 people as of early 2023. Enrollment grew by 116% from late 2013 to late 2022, an increase driven mainly by Medicaid expansion and the COVID pandemic (including the pandemic-related pause on Medicaid disenrollments).

After increasing steadily in 2016 and 2017, enrollment in expanded Medicaid had been mostly steady in 2018 and early 2019, although enrollment declined in late 2019, and had dropped to about 80,000 people by early 2020. But as was the case nationwide, Medicaid/CHIP enrollment has climbed sharply since the pandemic began. By early 2023, there were nearly 124,000 people enrolled in expanded Medicaid in Montana (out of the state’s total enrollment of 322,000 people).



Legislation impacting Montana Medicaid

Legislation impacting Montana Medicaid

Rejected ballot initiative would have generated funds to continue Medicaid expansion past 2019

Montana’s initial Medicaid expansion waiver was effective for five years, from 2016 through 2020. However, it was contingent upon the state legislature reauthorizing the program after June 30, 2019. Without legislative reauthorization, Medicaid expansion would have ended as of July 2019. To avoid the sunsetting of the program, proponents of Medicaid expansion gathered signatures in 2018 to get a measure on the ballot that would have increased tobacco taxes to fund ongoing Medicaid expansion and eliminate the current sunset provision.

Initiative I-185 was approved by the state for signature gathering in April 2018. Supporters then successfully gathered more than the 25,468 signatures necessary in order to get the measure on the ballot, and spending for and against the measure turned it into the most expensive ballot initiative in Montana’s history (tobacco manufacturers funded much of the opposition to the measure, while the Montana Hospital Association funded much of its support). But voters in Montana did not approve the measure in the November 2018 election.

The ballot initiative called for raising the tax on a pack of cigarettes by $2 (to $3.70) and raising taxes by 33% for other tobacco products, like e-cigarettes. It would have compelled Montana to cover the state’s share of the cost of Medicaid expansion using the tobacco tax money. Through 2016, the federal government paid the full cost of Medicaid expansion; states started to shoulder a small portion of the cost as of 2017, reaching 10% by 2020 (it will remain at that 90/10 split in future years). The tobacco tax was expected to generate $74 million per year by 2023, but the expectation was that the state would also have had to come up with additional revenue.

Voters in several other states have approved ballot measures to expand Medicaid, and this approach has been successful in 100% of the states where these measures have appeared on the ballot. But Montana’s ballot measure was different: The state had already expanded Medicaid, and the ballot measure would have permanently funded ongoing Medicaid expansion, instead of relying on periodic funding allocations by the legislature.

Instead, lawmakers approved a 6-year extension of Medicaid expansion, but with a work requirement

Since the ballot initiative failed, the issue of continued Medicaid expansion was in lawmakers’ hands during the 2019 legislative session, and a compromise had to be reached in order to extend Medicaid expansion past the end of June.

H.B.425 was introduced during the 2019 session and simply called for the existing Medicaid expansion program to be extended. That legislation didn’t go anywhere, but H.B.658, which called for a six-year extension of Medicaid expansion along with a Medicaid work requirement, passed and was signed into law by former Gov. Steve Bullock in May 2019. H.B.658 was introduced by Rep. Ed Buttrey, a Republican representing Great Falls who also sponsored the 2015 legislation that expanded Medicaid in Montana.

Work requirement won’t be approved by the Biden administration; two one-year extensions of Montana’s Medicaid expansion waiver were granted (in late 2020 and late 2021)

Since H.B.658 called for a new Medicaid work requirement for non-exempt adults enrolled in expanded Medicaid, the state had to obtain federal approval in order to move forward with implementation. Montana officials submitted their proposed 1115 waiver to CMS in August 2019, seeking federal approval for the work requirement and various other changes, detailed below. The state had planned to implement the work requirement as of January 2020, and between 4% and 12% of the Medicaid expansion population was expected to lose coverage due to non-compliance with the work requirement and/or work reporting requirements.

This was a very tight timeline, as work requirement approvals in other states had taken many months or even more than a year. So it was not surprising when state officials clarified in November 2019 that the work requirement was not going to take effect in January 2020, and could be delayed up to a year.

The work requirement still had not been approved by December 2020, so the Trump administration granted a one-year extension of Montana’s existing Medicaid expansion program. The Biden administration granted another one-year extension in 2021, which continued through the end of 2022.

The Biden administration notified states in early 2021 that approved and pending Medicaid work requirements would be reconsidered to determine whether they fit the objectives of the Medicaid program. By 2021, Medicaid work requirement approvals had been revoked by CMS in every state where they had previously been approved, and Montana’s will not be approved by the Biden administration.

For reference, this is what Montana was proposing, as called for in H.B.658:

  • Adults ages 19-55 who are enrolled in expanded Medicaid would have to work or participate in other community engagement activities for at least 80 hours each month.
  • There are numerous exemptions available—in most cases, due to the fact that most Medicaid expansion enrollees are already working. The state had initially projected that only about 8,000 people out of 96,000 Medicaid expansion enrollees would be newly subject to the work requirement, although a later estimate put the number as high as 26,000 people. (Buttrey had said that the number of people subject to the work requirement could end up being quite a bit different from the estimate, citing the fact that enrollment in expanded Medicaid ended up being far higher than initial projections. Prior to expansion, officials projected that coverage would become available to about 70,000 of Montana’s lowest-income residents. They expected about 45,000 of them to enroll in expanded Medicaid by 2020, but enrollment had exceeded 96,000 by 2019. The fiscal analysis of an earlier version of H.B.658 indicated that as many as 50,000 people could lose coverage as a result of the work requirement, reporting requirements, and increased premiums. Additional exemptions were added after that, however, making the expected coverage losses much lower. But it still has to be noted that thousands of people were expected to lose their coverage under the new rules (as we saw happen in Arkansas), and would likely have joined the ranks of the uninsured — resulting in additional uncompensated care costs in the state and poorer health outcomes for the individuals who lose their coverage.)
  • Enrollees who aren’t in compliance with the work requirement would have 180 days to come into compliance. After that, their coverage would be suspended, but they would have an opportunity to re-enroll after 180 days. And if they could demonstrate that they had been in compliance with the work requirement for at least 30 days, they’d have an opportunity to re-enroll before the 180 waiting period was up — although they would then be subject to “heightened monitoring” for the remainder of the 180 days.
  • If more than 5% of Medicaid expansion enrollees lost their coverage under the work requirement rules, it would trigger an audit. If the audit determined the more than 10% of the people in the audit sample lost their coverage erroneously, coverage suspensions under the work requirement would cease until the end of the next legislative session, giving lawmakers a chance to revisit the issue (but as the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities notes, people who are working but weren’t able to accurately document their work hours — and thus had their coverage suspended — might also have trouble proving their work status during the audit process).
  • Under the terms of the Medicaid expansion waiver that Montana obtained in 2015, the state already charges Medicaid premiums for the expansion population with incomes between 50 and 138% of the poverty level, with premiums equal to 2% of the enrollee’s income. H.B.658 called for increasing that by half a percent per year until it reached 4% (people exempt from the work requirement would not be subject to the premium increases). Montana submitted another Medicaid expansion 1115 waiver amendment in September 2021, seeking approval for the premium increase. But CMS rejected it, and also notified the state that the existing Medicaid premiums cannot be charged after the end of 2022.
  • The legislation increased some existing fees and added some new ones (on hospitals, outpatient providers, and insurers) in order to cover the state’s portion of the cost of Medicaid expansion. It also created an employer grant program intended to make it easier for employers to hire Medicaid expansion enrollees, with a focus on new employment — particularly jobs that include health coverage benefits or pay well enough to allow the employee to transition to being able to purchase their own health insurance coverage.

Montana’s initial Medicaid expansion waiver allowed for Medicaid premiums; H.B.658 would have increased them, but CMS rejected that proposal and ended the premiums altogether after 2022

Any version of Medicaid expansion that places additional requirements or restrictions on enrollment must be granted a waiver from CMS in order to receive federal funding.  Montana’s Medicaid expansion legislation that was enacted in 2015 (S.B.405) deviated from the straight Medicaid expansion called for in the ACA; bill sponsor Ed Buttrey (R – Great Falls) called it the “most conservative plan in the US.”

S.B.405 called for newly-eligible enrollees to pay 2% of their income in premiums, and it also imposes copays for some medical services. In addition, the legislation included a job training and workforce assessment program, aimed at helping enrollees secure a job or move into a better job (this aspect of the legislation was not included in the official waiver proposal that was submitted to CMS in 2015; that is clarified on page 26 of the waiver proposal, and was brought up as a concern by Montana Representative Art Wittich. Work and job training requirements were generally not approved by the Obama administration when included in other states’ Medicaid expansion proposals).

So although SB405 was the law of the land in Montana, the state still needed to get approval from CMS to proceed with its modified version of Medicaid expansion. On July 7, 2015, the state posted the waiver application and began a 60-day public comment period. Montana residents had an opportunity to comment on the proposal online, and there were two public meetings about the proposal in August.

On September 15, the state submitted its Medicaid Section 1115 demonstration waiver proposal to CMS for review. Official changes to Medicaid eligibility were dependent on federal funding for expansion, which required CMS approval of the state’s waiver. The waiver was approved on November 2, 2015. Expanded Medicaid coverage took effect in Montana on January 1, but eligible residents were able to begin enrolling immediately following the waiver approval.

Montana’s initial Medicaid expansion waiver calls for enrollees with income above 50% of the poverty level (that’s $7,290  for a single individual in 2023) to pay 2% of their income in premiums, which the state said averaged about $26 per month (Montana is one of seven states that have waivers allowing them to charge premiums for Medicaid enrollees, although only three — including Montana — continued to charge premiums during the COVID pandemic). Under Montana’s waiver, enrollees with income over the poverty level could be disenrolled if they failed to pay premiums by the end of a 90-day grace period; those below the poverty level were not disenrolled, but their past-due premiums could be deducted from future state income tax refunds.

(Note that between March 2020 and March 2023, states could not disenroll anyone from Medicaid, as one of the conditions for receiving additional federal Medicaid funding. This was true even if a person failed to pay necessary premiums.)

As noted above, H.B.658, enacted in 2019, called for premiums to gradually increase to 4% of income, although they would have stayed at 2% for the first two years a person was enrolled in the program, and premium increases would not have applied to people who were exempt from the Medicaid work requirement. But at 4% of income, premiums for Montana’s Medicaid would have been by far the highest in the country.

And it’s noteworthy that in states that haven’t expanded Medicaid, people with income between 100% and 133% of the poverty level (all of whom are eligible for Medicaid in states like Montana that have expanded Medicaid) can obtain premium-free benchmark plans in the exchange (this is an improvement that took effect in 2021 under the American Rescue Plan and has been extended through 2025 by the Inflation Reduction Act; prior to 2021, people at that income level would have to pay roughly 2% of their income for the benchmark Silver plan). At that income level, a silver plan would include significant cost-sharing reductions, although Medicaid out-of-pocket limits would still be lower.

The increased premium proposal was part of the additional Medicaid waiver amendment that Montana submitted in September 2021. But it was not approved by the Biden administration. Instead, the Biden administration notified Montana officials that they would have to end the Medicaid expansion premiums altogether after the end of 2022.

In 2016 and 2017, Medicaid expansion enrollees in Montana paid a total of $6.7 million in premiums. According to a University of Montana analysis, enrollee premiums cover about 1% of the cost of Medicaid expansion (the federal government covers 90% of the cost; the state pays the rest).

By June 2016, 379 people with income above the poverty level had been disenrolled for failing to pay premiums. In 2017, there were 2,884 people who lost their Medicaid coverage in Montana due to failure to pay premiums. Montana Medicaid enrollees who are disenrolled as a result of non-payment of premiums could re-enroll after they paid their past-due premiums, or at the end of the calendar quarter when their debt is assessed by the state.

CMS approved elimination of 12-month eligibility guarantee for Medicaid expansion enrollees

As part of the Medicaid expansion waiver that CMS approved for Montana in 2017, the state would grant 12 months of eligibility to anyone found eligible for Medicaid expansion. If their income or circumstances were to change during that 12 months, they would not lose their coverage.

But the state subsequently enacted a budget that called for the elimination of that rule, and submitted the rule change as part of the waiver amendment proposal that was submitted to the federal government in September 2021. In December 2021, CMS approved that aspect of the state’s waiver amendment.

Until the end of March 2023, Montana (and every other state) could not disenroll anyone from Medicaid for any reason, unless they moved out of state or requested a disenrollment. But starting in April 2023, Montana is applying the new rules to Medicaid expansion enrollees. So if an enrollee’s coverage is renewed and then the Medicaid office receives information within 12 months indicating that the person is no longer eligible, their coverage will end at that point instead of continuing until their renewal date.

That means people whose circumstances change after enrolling in expanded Medicaid may find that they’re no longer eligible for Medicaid and will have to switch to different insurance coverage.

Blue Cross Blue Shield managed expansion program in 2016 and 2017, but Montana Medicaid took it over in 2018

While Montana’s Section 1115 waiver was being reviewed by CMS, the state completed the bidding process to find a private insurer to manage the Medicaid expansion program in the state. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Montana scored highest in the bidding process, and signed a contract in December 2015 to be the administrator for the expanded Medicaid program. BCBS of Montana had been working on infrastructure even before the Medicaid expansion waiver was approved, and began focusing on outreach and consumer education once the waiver was approved.

BCBS of Montana provided care coordination for approximately 19,000 Medicaid expansion enrollees, but the state ended that contract that the end of 2017 in an effort to save money. Montana Medicaid is now managing the program themselves, although they do not get as involved with the care coordination as BCBSMT did.

Montana Medicaid history

Medicaid became effective in Montana in July 1967, putting the state around the middle of the pack in terms of implementing the program. And Medicaid expansion took effect in 2016, allowing hospitals, including those in rural areas, to remain solvent. As a result of Medicaid expansion, Montana hospitals have seen a 49% reduction in uncompensated care.

As of June 2011, Montana’s Medicaid program was providing coverage for 60,800 children, 19,900 adults, 10,500 elderly, and 19,600 disabled residents. A total of 178,846 people had coverage in Montana’s Medicaid/CHIP programs as of June 2015, which was an increase of 20% over the 148,974 people who had coverage at the end of 2013.

The increase occurred despite the fact that Montana’s Medicaid expansion didn’t take effect until 2016, due in part to several improvements the state had made to the Medicaid program over the preceding few years. In 2011 and 2012, payment rates for providers were increased. In 2011, the state expanded the existing eligibility rules, and also simplified the application and renewal process. And in both 2011 and 2012, Montana expanded the long-term care portion of its Medicaid program.

By early 2023, after the expanded guidelines had been in place for seven years and the COVID pandemic had been ongoing for three years, total Medicaid/CHIP enrollment in Montana had grown to more than 322,000 people — a 116% increase since the end of 2013.

Medicaid in Montana: 2021 Report from DPHHS


Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has written dozens of opinions and educational pieces about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org.

Footnotes

  1. October 2023 Medicaid & CHIP Enrollment Data Highlights”, Medicaid.gov, Accessed November 2023  
  2. Total Monthly Medicaid & CHIP Enrollment and Pre-ACA Enrollment”, KFF.org, Accessed November 2023   
  3. Montana Medicaid Redetermination“, Montana.gov, January 2024  
  4. “Medicare Monthly Enrollment” CMS.gov, April 2023.  
  5. “Availability of short-term health insurance in Montana” healthinsurance.org, March 8, 2023