American Rescue Plan

What is the American Rescue Plan?

The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 – H.R. 1319 – was enacted on March 11, 2021. The legislation provided a great deal of financial relief to Americans struggling with the fallout of the COVID pandemic.

Some of the most widely known provisions are the third round of COVID stimulus checks ($1,400 per person, for most Americans) and the extension of additional federal unemployment benefits into September 2021. But there were also several important health insurance provisions in the American Rescue Plan.

How did the American Rescue Plan's tax provisions affect health insurance?

The American Rescue Plan's tax provisions affect health insurance in several ways:

• Subsidized buyers who would otherwise have had to repay excess premium tax credits for 2020 did not have to do so. This was a one-time provision, and excess premium tax credits had to be repaid again starting with the 2021 plan year. In addition, the One Big Beautiful Bill removed the cap on excess subsidy repayments, starting with the 2026 plan year.
• The first $10,200 in unemployment compensation from 2020 was not included in taxable income for most people, which may have resulted in larger premium subsidies for some people who had marketplace coverage in 2020. (Although policyholders weren't required to repay excess subsidies to the IRS for that year, policyholders could still claim additional premium tax credits to which they were entitled.)
• Premium tax credits for 2021 and 2022 were larger and more widely available. As noted above, that provision was extended through 2025 by the Inflation Reduction Act, but Congress had not extended it for 2026 as of late December 2025.
  

Who was eligible for the American Rescue Plan's premium subsidy enhancements?

Most Americans who buy their own health insurance were eligible for larger subsidies or newly eligible for subsidies under the American Rescue Plan:

• People who were already eligible for subsidies prior to 2021 became eligible for larger subsidies due to the reduction in the percentage of income that people are expected to pay in after-subsidy premiums. This comparison sheet shows several examples.
• People who had a household income over 400% of the federal poverty level may have found that they were newly eligible for a subsidy due to the elimination of the "subsidy cliff." (For reference, this chart shows the dollar amounts that are equal to 400% of the poverty level for 2026 coverage; households with income above that level are no longer eligible for federal subsidies in 2026, due to the expiration of the ARP and Inflation Reduction Act subsidy provisions at the end of 2025.)
• People with income under 400% of the poverty level who weren't previously subsidy-eligible (because the benchmark plan was already considered affordable under ACA rules) may have found that they became subsidy-eligible starting in 2021.

It's important to understand that premium subsidies (premium tax credits) are only available through the exchange/Marketplace in each state. So people who were enrolled outside the exchange had to transition to the exchange to claim the tax credits, either upfront or on their tax return. This includes people who had off-exchange ACA-compliant coverage, as well as people enrolled in short-term plans, health care sharing ministry plans, Farm Bureau plans, etc.

How did the American Rescue Plan improve access to coverage for the unemployed?

Throughout 2020, maintaining health insurance coverage was one of many challenges faced by Americans who lost their jobs or saw a reduction in their income due to the pandemic. To address this for 2021, the American Rescue Plan ensured access to robust health coverage for people who were receiving unemployment compensation.

Anyone receiving unemployment compensation at any time in 2021 was eligible for full premium subsidies and full cost-sharing reductions throughout 2021 (unless they subsequently became eligible for an employer-sponsored plan or Medicare, in which case the subsidies would end at that point just as they normally do in that situation).

Who was not helped by the American Rescue Plan?

The American Rescue Plan did not fix the family glitch, but the IRS finalized regulations in 2022 to fix that issue starting in 2023.

And the American Rescue Plan also did not solve the Medicaid coverage gap in the states that have not yet expanded Medicaid. But as noted above, it did provide additional funding in an effort to entice more states to expand Medicaid. Most of the non-expansion states opted to continue to have a coverage gap, despite the additional financial incentive to expand coverage.

How long will the American Rescue Plan’s provisions be in effect?

The American Rescue Plan's health insurance provisions are temporary, even though some of them were extended by the Inflation Reduction Act:

• The amnesty for repayment of excess premium tax credits only applied to 2020.
• The full premium tax credits and full cost-sharing reductions for people receiving unemployment benefits were only applicable for 2021.
• The elimination of the "subsidy cliff" was applicable for 2021 through 2025 (this includes an Inflation Reduction Act extension).
• The reduction in the percentage of income that people have to pay for the benchmark plan was applicable for 2021 through 2025 (this includes an Inflation Reduction Act extension).

It's possible that the enhanced premium tax credits (ie, the elimination of the subsidy cliff and the reduction in the percentage of income that people have to pay in after-subsidy premiums) could be extended again or made permanent by future legislation. This had not happened by late December 2025, but it could potentially happen at some point in 2026.²