Student health insurance: required reading

Before Obamacare, coverage for students tended to be hit or miss. Eligibility to remain on a parent’s health plan was often contingent upon being enrolled in school full-time, and the cut-off age was typically 22 unless a state had its own provisions for older students to remain on a parent’s health plan (assuming the plan was subject to state regulations; self-insured plans, which account for most employer-sponsored coverage, do not have to follow state rules).

Low annual and lifetime benefit maximums used to be standard on student health plans. That typically worked out, because most students are young and healthy. But it sometimes resulted in disastrous outcomes, as we saw in the highly-publicized and tragic death of Arijit Guha, an Arizona State University student whose cancer treatment maxed out his student health plan.

And even healthy students sometimes struggled to afford the premiums.

How ACA changed student health coverage

Thanks to the Affordable Care Act, a lot has changed for students’ health insurance coverage options:

Young adults can remain on their parents’ health plans until age 26 – One of the first ACA regulations to be implemented in 2010 allows young adults to stay on their parents’ health insurance plan until they turn 26. This applies regardless of whether they’re enrolled in school, regardless of whether they’re counted as their parents’ tax dependent, regardless of whether they have an offer of coverage from their own employer, and even regardless of whether they’re married — young adults can remain on a parent’s health plan until age 26, period.

(Note that this applies even if the young adult doesn’t live in the same area as their parents, but if the health plan only covers in-network health care and has a limited and localized provider network, the young adult would have to travel to the parents’ area for medical care unless it’s an emergency situation.)

Guaranteed-issue coverage and subsidy eligibility – The ACA also made individual insurance guaranteed-issue regardless of medical history (with no exclusions for pre-existing medical conditions) and created subsidies (premium tax credits) to make premiums affordable for low and middle-income enrollees. Eligibility to remain on a parent’s health plan or purchase student health insurance through a university does not eliminate eligibility for subsidies in the exchange.

(If the young adult has an offer of affordable coverage that proves minimum value from their own or their spouse’s employer, however, that would make them ineligible for subsidies in the exchange.)

Possible eligibility for Medicaid – The ACA called for the expansion of Medicaid, and 40 states plus the District of Columbia have expanded Medicaid coverage to adults with incomes up to 138% of the poverty level. (In 2024, that’s $20,782 in annual income for a single individual in the continental U.S.; note that the limits are higher in Alaska and Hawaii, and note that DC’s expanded Medicaid eligibility goes up to 215% of the poverty level. The poverty level guidelines are published each year in January, but most states don’t start using them until March or April; before that, the previous year’s poverty level numbers continue to be used, so the income limit for eligibility is lower if a person is applying for coverage in the first few months of the year.)

So Medicaid is available for some students with limited incomes, thanks to the ACA.

Most university plans are regulated by the ACA – Many universities offer student health insurance plans. In almost all cases, these plans are now regulated by the ACA, so they cover the ten essential health benefits with no annual or lifetime benefit maximums. But there are some important caveats here:

• Not all plans marketed to students are considered “student health plans” in the eyes of the law. For example, a short-term policy that’s advertised as “perfect for students” wouldn’t have to be ACA-compliant.
• When a school self-insures its student health plan, the plan is not subject to HHS regulation, a fact that HHS confirmed in 2012. At that time, the agency noted that there were about 200,000 students covered under self-insured health plans offered by roughly 30 colleges and universities (for perspective, there are more than 18 million college students in the US, at about 5,300 schools). Schools with self-insured health plans can request approval from HHS for their health plans to be considered minimum essential coverage, but they are not required to do so, and are not required to come into compliance with the ACA (as an example, BYU’s student health plan is not considered minimum essential coverage under the ACA).
• There are religious exemptions available for universities that have ACA-compliant health plans but don’t want to cover various contraceptives under their plan. Under the Trump administration, these exemptions became more widely available (this was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2020), and accommodations to ensure women still have access to contraceptive coverage are optional rather than required. However, the Biden administration has proposed a rule change in 2023 that would remove moral objections as a pathway for a plan issuer to obtain an exemption from the contraception mandate (only the religious exemption would be allowed). And the proposed rule change would also create a way for women to obtain zero-cost contraception even if their employer has a religious exemption (as opposed to having to rely on the optional accommodation process).

Are university health plans affordable?

While the new, reformed student health plans offered by universities are dramatically better than they were in the past, it’s also true that the new plans cost more than the old ones. It’s common to see student health plans that are roughly in the range of $3,000 to $5,000 in total premiums for a full year of coverage.

The cost of a student health plan could be more or less than the cost of a self-purchased Marketplace (exchange) plan, since the cost of Marketplace coverage will depend on where a person lives, how old they are, and their household income. (The premium for a student health plan is typically a flat rate, regardless of the student’s age. But schools that offer coverage for dependents will charge additional premiums to add family members to the plan.)

Prior to the ACA, some student health plans had benefit caps as low as $5,000, but only cost a few hundred dollars a year in premiums. Given the cost of healthcare, those plans were not functioning as real insurance, but rather as prepaid health plans for relatively minor ailments. And yet, they provided a modicum of security for students, and were very inexpensive.

The inevitable result of making the plans much more robust is that their premiums are now more in line with the rest of the insurance market. Premium subsidies are available in the exchanges for students who qualify based on income, although a student who is still claimed as a dependent on a parent’s tax return would have to include the parent’s income in their total household income when applying for a subsidy, as the subsidy would be reconciled on the parent’s tax return.

Student health plans: Individual market coverage, but with some regulatory exceptions

Student health plans are technically considered individual market coverage, but they function more like group health plans and thus have some slight variations in terms of how they’re regulated (and as noted above, self-insured student health plans are not subject to ACA regulations unless the school asks HHS to certify the plan).

If an insurer offers student health plans to schools in a given state and also offers regular individual market coverage in that state, the plans are not combined into a single risk pool for rate setting (in other words, the student health plan risk is not mixed with the general individual market population’s risk), and the student health plans are not subject to the ACA’s risk adjustment provision.

University-sponsored student health plans were also given some leeway in terms of early compliance with the ACA: they didn’t have to begin meeting the medical loss ratio (MLR) requirements until 2013, and their annual benefit limits were allowed to be much lower than plans in the individual market until the end of 2013. But since January 1, 2014, most new student health plans have been required to cover the essential health benefits with no dollar limits on annual or lifetime benefits.

And in the 2019 Benefit and Payment Parameters, HHS finalized regulations (effective as of July 2018) that exempt student health plans (which are technically considered individual market plans) from the federal rate review requirements that apply to other plans in the individual market.

HHS has noted, correctly, that although student health plans are subject to other individual market reforms (like having to cover essential health benefits, and not capping the amount that the plan will pay for essential health benefits), the rate-setting process differs, just by the nature of the product. Student health plans are only available to registered students and their dependents (which differs from the rest of the individual market), and universities have the sort of leverage that a large employer would have when negotiating with an insurer.

So the rate review process that applies in the individual market (where policies are marketed to individual buyers, who don’t have leveraging power beyond regular market competition) isn’t as necessary for student health plans.

Five considerations when choosing health coverage

Clearly, students have a lot more coverage options as a result of the ACA. But how do you decide which option is best?

Here are some considerations to keep in mind. (This assumes that the student health plan offered by your school is compliant with the ACA. If you’re among the small minority of students at schools that offer self-funded health plans that are not considered minimum essential coverage, you’ll need to carefully consider the details of that plan and weigh it against other options that are available to you.):

1. Is a parent’s plan more affordable?

If the parents’ group health insurance plan includes additional children and the parent works for a large employer, the payroll-deducted premium is likely the “family” rate, and it won’t go down if one child is removed from the plan. In that case, staying on a parent’s plan might be the best alternative, since there would be additional premiums associated with a university-sponsored plan or coverage purchased in the individual market.

2. Studying out of state?

If the student will attend college in another state, network restrictions on the family plan could result in little or no access to healthcare where the student will be living. In that case, it probably makes more sense to get a new health plan – either in the exchange or through the university – that includes providers in the area where the student will be living.

If the student is eligible for Medicaid, it’s important to double-check the eligibility rules for Medicaid in the student’s home state as well as the state where the student will be attending college. Some states have very flexible rules. For example, California allows students to qualify for Medi-Cal even if they’re only living in California temporarily to go to school, and California residents who are on Medi-Cal can keep their coverage (as long as they notify Medi-Cal) while they attend school in another state.

But other states have more restrictive guidelines for their Medicaid coverage, and Medicaid managed care organizations (MCOs, which are used to provide coverage to more than three-quarters of Medicaid enrollees nationwide) can limit the scope of their provider networks, effectively limiting coverage to a local area. If you’re eligible for Medicaid and heading to an out-of-state school, check with your local Medicaid office, as well as the Medicaid office in the state where the school is located. Keep in mind that 10 states haven’t expanded Medicaid under the ACA, so eligibility rules vary depending on the state.

3. Eligibility for exchange subsidies

If the student is a dependent on the parents’ tax return, the parents’ income is included when the eligibility determination is made for premium subsidies or Medicaid. But students who file their own taxes may qualify for significant subsidies if they’re on a limited income. Or they may qualify for Medicaid if they’re in a state that has expanded Medicaid.

4. Maternity care and contraceptive coverage

The ACA allows young adults to remain on a parent’s health plan until they turn 26, and group plans with at least 15 workers have covered maternity care since the 1970s. But there is no requirement that those plans cover maternity care for dependents.

HHS clarified in 2015 that dependents must have access to preventive prenatal care with no cost-sharing, but young adults who remain on a parent’s plan may not have coverage for labor and delivery. If this is a concern, students can purchase individual coverage (on or off the exchange) or obtain student insurance through the university, as both of those options include maternity benefits.

But for students who attend religiously affiliated schools, contraceptive coverage could be limited under the student health plan offered by the school. As is the case with all non-grandfathered individual market plans, student health plans are required to cover preventive care with no cost-sharing. Preventive care includes at least one version of all types of FDA-approved contraception for women, including long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs (which tended to have prohibitively high up-front costs before their coverage was mandated on all non-grandfathered health plans). But the Trump Administration finalized regulations that allow colleges and universities to avoid offering various types of contraceptive coverage if they have religious or moral objections to them. And this was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2020.

The Biden administration has proposed a rule change that would allow access to zero-cost contraception for women enrolled in health plans that have religious exemptions from the contraception coverage mandate. But for the time being, students at religiously affiliated schools will need to pay close attention to their policy details in order to understand the specifics of contraceptive coverage. Depending on the terms of the plan, they may find that they have better contraceptive coverage if they purchase their own plan (through the exchange or outside the exchange) instead of relying on the plan the school offers.

5. Studying abroad?

Most health insurance plans generally don’t cover foreign travel. (Emergency care is often covered, although patient and insurer definitions of “emergency” aren’t always the same, and medical evacuations are rarely covered.)

If you’re planning to spend a semester abroad, your home school and your host school will be able to point you toward the health plans that they recommend for coverage outside the US. If you’re shopping for coverage on your own, there are a plethora of travel health insurance plans available, many of which cater specifically to students. Travel plans are not regulated by the ACA, but they provide a good supplement to students’ U.S.-based health insurance during the time spent abroad.

In most cases, your school and your host school and/or country will require you to have adequate health coverage in order to participate in the study abroad program or obtain the necessary travel visa that you’ll need. As an example, students who are coming to the US on a J-1 visa need to have medical insurance that meets certain minimum requirements. If you’re buying your own travel medical coverage, you’ll need to make sure that the plan you purchase meets the requirements of your study abroad program and host country.

Whether you’re heading off to college yourself, or sending your child out into the world, rest assured that there will be a health insurance plan that’s just the right fit.

Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has written dozens of opinions and educational pieces about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org.